The Science of Psychotherapy Academy

Depression is not a singular disorder with one etiology.  The links between depression, inflammation, ACEs, and early life deprivation are interrelated with the incidence of illnesses such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.  Depressed patients with a history of early life trauma demonstrate significantly higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and activation of tumor necrosis factor. 



Typically hyperactivation of the amygdala is associated with anxiety disorders.  Yet, an enlarged and hyperactive amygdala is sometimes associated with depression.  The activation level of the amygdala appears to normalize after successful treatment for depression.  The role of cortiocotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in depression has gained considerable attention because it is often elevated in depressed patients as well as suicide victims.



The positive psychology research on forgiveness, compassion, and gratitude are explored with respective to their effect on mental health.  Similarly, optimism and an attitude of acceptance are associated with resiliency. Together, these attitudinal perspectives play a major role in promoting mental health.  




During the past few decades’ mindfulness has been subsumed into the mainstream as well as within the “third wave” of therapies such as ACT, DBT, and MBSR.  While this addition to pre-existent therapies has made important contributions, there remains considerable misinformation regarding the research. Many well-meaning therapists assume that simply promoting mindfulness is the end all.  Meanwhile millions of other potential readers turn away from mindfulness and books about it, worrying that an interest in Buddhist practices conflicts with their faith in theologies such as Christianity or Islam. There are similar methodologies within those traditions, which we explore. 



Meditative/mindfulness practices produce a range of profound health effects as illustrated in a number of studies in neuroscience.  To understand mindfulness, contemplative prayer, and related practices it is important to note that for most people, working memory lasts for 20 to 30 seconds. On the other hand, we all spend 30% of our waking hours in our Default Mode Network, daydreaming, planning for the future, or ruminating about the past. It is not that the Default Mode Network represents a dysfunctional process.  

Rather it can be the source of creativity and healthy self-reference. This lesson will describe the balance between Executive, Salient, the Default Mode Networks, and how to stay in the present moment to improve psychotherapeutic success.